Different Perspectives in Child Development — Practice

Q1. According to Arnold Gesell's maturational viewpoint, all children go through the same stages of development based on

• A. The culture in which they grow up
• B. The maturation of their brain and body
• C. The quality of attachment with the mother
• D. The quality of school instruction received

Q2. The normative approach to studying children, initiated on Gesell's viewpoint, determines a typical

• A. 'Age' or 'norm' for achieving various developmental tasks
• B. Curriculum for every class in a kindergarten
• C. Pattern of attachment with the primary caregiver
• D. Score on an intelligence test for each age

Q3. On the maturational viewpoint (Morphett & Washburne, 1931), children were considered NOT fit for reading until they had a mental age of

• A. Three years
• B. Five years
• C. Six and a half years
• D. Eleven years

Q4. Attachment theory was first formulated by

• A. Mary Ainsworth
• B. John Bowlby
• C. Arnold Gesell
• D. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Q5. For most of us the first attachment we form is to a parent at around

• A. Birth itself
• B. 2 to 3 months of age
• C. 6 to 7 months of age
• D. 2 years of age

Q6. Mary Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' procedure for measuring the quality of attachment consists of

• A. Four episodes
• B. Six episodes
• C. Eight episodes
• D. Twelve episodes

Q7. Which of the following is a possible developmental outcome in children with a secure attachment, as listed in Table 5.2?

• A. Frequent conflict between parents and adolescents
• B. Difficulty with emotional closeness
• C. Better school adjustment
• D. Self-injury and conduct disorders

Q8. The Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) model of life-span development was developed by

• A. Paul Baltes and his colleagues
• B. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
• C. Urie Bronfenbrenner
• D. Jean Piaget

Q9. Which of these characteristics of the life-span perspective rejects the traditional notion that childhood is the main period of development?

• A. Development is multidimensional
• B. Development is a lifelong process
• C. Development involves both gain and loss
• D. Development is contextual

Q10. The ecological (later bioecological) viewpoint of development was given in the 1970s by

• A. Lev Vygotsky
• B. Urie Bronfenbrenner
• C. Paul Baltes
• D. Erik Erikson

Q11. In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the microsystem is the

• A. Largest cultural context in which the child lives
• B. Time frame in which changes occur
• C. Immediate environment in which the child lives, primarily the family
• D. Social setting that the child does not experience directly

Q12. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the prefix 'chrono' in chronosystem stands for

• A. Culture
• B. Time
• C. Class
• D. Cognition

Q13. According to Piaget's stages (Table 5.4), at which stage do infants gain knowledge of the world through their senses and motor skills?

• A. Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years)
• B. Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
• C. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
• D. Formal operational stage (11 years and beyond)

Q14. The Information-Processing approach is also known as the

• A. Maturational approach
• B. Neo-Piagetian approach
• C. Attachment approach
• D. Socio-cultural approach

Q15. The socio-cultural perspective on child development was propounded by

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. Lev Vygotsky
• C. Arnold Gesell
• D. John Bowlby