Approaches to Learning (Behaviourism, Cognitivism, Constructivism) — Practice

Q1. In the Surface approach to learning, the learner's intention is to

• A. Understand the meaning of the learning object deeply.
• B. Just complete the task requirements by memorising information and anticipated answers.
• C. Get the highest possible marks through carefully organised study.
• D. Seek alternative solutions to the author's conclusions.

Q2. Twentieth-century learning theories is classified into four major approaches. These four are

• A. Behaviouristic, Cognitive, Social and Humanistic
• B. Surface, Deep, Strategic and Reflective
• C. Pavlovian, Skinnerian, Piagetian and Vygotskian
• D. Classical, Operant, Observational and Discovery

Q3. Pavlov, who proposed the theory of classical conditioning through his salivating-dog experiment, was basically a

• A. Russian physiologist working on the digestive system
• B. American behaviourist working with rats and pigeons
• C. Swiss biologist studying child cognitive development
• D. German psychologist studying memory

Q4. In Pavlov's experiment, after the bell has been repeatedly paired with food and the dog has learned to salivate to the bell alone, the bell is called the

• A. Neutral stimulus
• B. Unconditioned stimulus
• C. Conditioned stimulus
• D. Unconditioned response

Q5. In classical conditioning, when the conditioned stimulus (bell) is presented repeatedly WITHOUT the unconditioned stimulus (food) and the conditioned response (salivation) gradually fades away, the process is called

• A. Generalisation
• B. Discrimination
• C. Spontaneous recovery
• D. Extinction

Q6. Skinner's operant conditioning is also known by another name. That other name is

• A. Reinforcement conditioning
• B. Classical conditioning
• C. Associative conditioning
• D. Insight conditioning

Q7. In Skinner's famous Skinner-Box experiment, learning is demonstrated by

• A. A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
• B. A hungry rat pressing a lever and getting food
• C. A child solving a Piagetian conservation task
• D. A monkey reaching for a banana with a stick

Q8. A primary teacher in Rampur closes the classroom windows during a noisy assembly so that her Class 3 students stop being disturbed and start writing. According to Skinner, this is an example of

• A. Positive reinforcement
• B. Negative reinforcement
• C. Punishment
• D. Extinction

Q9. Programmed instruction — Skinner's most significant contribution to classroom practice — works by

• A. Letting children discover knowledge in groups through dialogue
• B. Breaking pre-established subject matter into small discrete steps, each building on the previous, with reinforcement after every step
• C. Encouraging learners to make and correct their own mistakes without teacher feedback
• D. Asking learners to memorise large blocks of text and recite them

Q10. The word 'cognition' has been derived from a Latin word. That Latin word is

• A. Homo
• B. Cognoscere
• C. Humanus
• D. Schola

Q11. According to Piaget, the process of incorporating new objects and experiences into the existing schema is called

• A. Accommodation
• B. Equilibration
• C. Assimilation
• D. Adaptation

Q12. Piaget's concrete operational stage extends roughly from age

• A. Birth to 2 years
• B. 2 to 7 years
• C. 7 to 11 years
• D. 11 years and beyond

Q13. Vygotsky's famous 1978 line states that every function in a child's cultural development appears

• A. Inside the child first, and only later in social interaction
• B. Twice — first on the social level (between people) and later on the individual level (inside the child)
• C. Only once — purely on the biological level driven by maturation
• D. Simultaneously on the social and individual levels, never separately

Q14. In his social learning theory, Bandura makes an important distinction between two things. These two things are

• A. Heredity and environment
• B. Acquisition of knowledge (learning) and observable performance based on that knowledge (behaviour)
• C. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
• D. Assimilation and accommodation

Q15. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need that sits at the BASE of the pyramid is

• A. Self-actualization need
• B. Prestige need
• C. Belongingness need
• D. Physiological needs such as hunger, sleep